In recent years, at the international and multilateral levels the emphasis given to the involvement of the profit sector in development cooperation has also involved the Italian System for international cooperation. The national Law n. 125/2014 on International cooperation establishes this involvement, giving space to the industries and manufactures. In this article, we consider the role played by a multinational energy company towards local communities, living in the Kouilou Region, in the Republic of Congo, in terms of development and profit activities. On the base of on-field research carried out in rural areas, social and environmental impacts of conventional and notconventional oil exploitation have been considered. By socio-environmental inquire and participatory observation approach, it has been possible to infer the dynamics of a potential and / or ongoing environmental conflict between the energy company and the Congo State on one side, and the local communities on the other side.